research methods in psychology

Today's educators are bombarded with information from all sides about the latest and greatest research-based instructional techniques in teaching. With all these crazes about instructional methods and the confusion about which one really works and which one is a dud, no wonder our teachers are so exhausted! As charming and inspirational as all these latest claims and success stories seem to be, educators need to be careful when choosing and implementing a new or old "miracle" instruction method. There are things a teacher needs to do before making any big changes to their curriculum and instruction.

First things first, what supporting evidence is there? Educators need to use their resources wisely and take all initial information with skepticism. Before actually outright backing the "amazing" new research supporting a particular method, whether it be Indirect Instruction, Cooperative learning, etc..., educators must do their research. Talk to colleagues, look the strategy up online, check out education magazines and journals, and any other resource material available. Find out what evidence there is out there to support the research-based strategy. Furthermore, make sure the sources you are calling upon for information are reliable. Reliable sources offer reliable evidence, so seek out unbiased, professional resources. Weigh pros and cons, consistencies and inconsistencies, before making a decision on the strategy at hand.

After thorough research has been done, the next important question is: "How should the research-based program be implemented?" And "What methods does the research show to be most advantageous?" These questions' answers would most probably appear in your research since it was suppose to be incredibly thorough. If not, you'll want to look it up. Many teachers forget this step, and as Grassen states in the article "What Does It Mean To Be a Research-Based Profession" teachers simply aren't properly implementing research-based strategies are thus losing out on potential benefits of the programs. "Cooperative learning was designed to complement teacher-directed instruction by providing further opportunity for students to work together using what they have learned. In most schools today, cooperative learning is used to replace teacher-directed instruction and students are expected to construct their own knowledge working in groups." (N.d). Clearly, teachers need to put a great deal of thought into this step as improper implementation of the program can have catastrophic consequences on learners.

Read up on each research-based method, decide what sorts of lessons would benefit from their use, and which wouldn't. Talk to colleagues about what methods they use in the classroom, why, and how they implement them. Most of all, be aware of comparisons being drawn between different research-based strategies. Look for comparative studies as opposed to non-comparative studies. Comparative studies are more likely to give you accuracy in research. Educators need to look at the whole picture. How is class A using strategy A performing compared to class B using strategy B? How do these same classes perform after trading strategies? How is school A using strategy A performing compared to school B using strategy B? And so on...

Lastly, before implementing any research-based strategy, an educator should ask themselves "Am I biased?" Be sure to be honest with yourself. Try to go into deliberation with an open and unbiased mind. Take into account all reliable sources whether they are in-line with your initial beliefs or opinions on the strategy or not. Remain unbiased until the end. Your openness and willingness to learn can determine the accuracy of your research.

There are a great many research-based programs out there and being implemented everyday. Many of them just don't have the proper supporting research for an educator, especially a new and inexperienced one, to simply throw their weight behind. Don't ask your students to do homework without doing your own. Research your methods before putting them into practice. Find out what's behind them, what's supporting them, and how they should be used to the biggest advantage in the classroom. Without such information your newest instructional plan could be a huge failure. Don't follow fads and trends, look for rock solid evidence and implementation methods before making that big leap of bringing it into your classroom.

Reference:

Grossen, B. (n.d). What Does It Mean To Be a Research-Based Profession? Retrieved March 8, 2007, from University of Oregon, Eugene Website: http://darkwing.uoregon.edu

Northwest Regional Education Laboratory. (2005). Research-Based Strategies. Retrieved March 5, 2007 from, Focus on Effectiveness Web site: http://www.netc.org/focus/strategies/




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Few people would climb a mountain blindfolded. Yet company executives routinely pursue markets with blinders on-ignorant of market characteristics, the competition, and barriers to entry. Good ideas and good products aren't enough; a variety of factors can prevent first-class concepts from becoming profitable businesses. Opportunities need to be carefully investigated through objective market research. Investing in research can both save a business from making costly mistakes and increase its long-term profitability.

It's a common misconception that only large companies can afford market research. Just the opposite is true; small companies cannot afford not to invest in research. When resources are limited, mistakes are more damaging. Many small businesses fail because their owners don't do their homework-before starting the business and during the first crucial months. By performing a comprehensive market investigation-on their own or by enlisting the services of professional researchers-business owners can avoid pitfalls, increase revenues, and differentiate themselves from their competition.

Types of Market Research

Customer satisfaction is probably the most common form of market research but other kinds of research are equally important. The main categories are:• Competitor analysis - identifies who it is, pinpoints the strengths and weaknesses of other firms in the same market, shows where they are having success, and what they plan to do in the future. The objective is to stay a step ahead by taking advantage of their weaknesses, or at least keep up with them.• Market opportunity assessment - size, growth rate, trends, barriers to entry.• Product analysis - features, price points; determined by talking to potential customers to assess their desires before the product is introduced.

Research can be primary or secondary and quantitative or qualitative. A business needs primary research-which involves direct contact with sources of information-if it is trying to determine very specific, detailed information or is dealing with a technology, product, or service so new that there is a very limited existing body of literature. Customer satisfaction also requires primary research.

Secondary research involves the review of a body of existing literature about a topic. It is most suitable when a company wants a general overview of a broad topic, analyst opinions, and high-level quantitative information of an existing market.

Primary research is usually more expensive than secondary. Costs vary, depending on:• Sample size• How the survey will be administered - by mail, by telephone, online, focus groups• Whether just raw survey results or analysis and recommendations are desired

If resources are limited, a company can do secondary research in-house, provided in-house staff knows what resources are available, where to access the information, and how to interpret it. The Internet makes secondary research much easier and less expensive, because so many agencies have made information available for free. For example, government agencies worldwide furnish a wealth of quantitative information. Company Websites offer much valuable information, such as press releases, annual reports and financial filings, job openings, and product data sheets.

IT analysts and management consulting firms often make a limited number of reports and white papers available for free. Some companies also furnish free white papers, but these seldom are objective assessments.

Syndicated research reports are also available. These reports consist of long-term market forecasts, often segmented by geographical regions or vertical markets. Many businesses rely heavily on quantitative market forecasts to determine whether it makes sense for them to enter a new market or develop a new product. For established markets and products, syndicated research can be quite useful, but in the case of new products or technologies, such reports are less reliable.

Make the Most of Market Research

A business can dramatically improve its chances of getting valid results by clearly defining its objectives. Asking the right questions is crucial-a company should be able to clearly state what it wants to determine. It is not the responsibility of an outside research firm to identify what the client wants from a study. It is the research firm's responsibility to clearly explain its methodology and how it will approach a study.

Additionally, a research request should not be biased in favor of a particular result. Frequently, individuals who commission research have vested interests in a particular outcome. If the results are not to their liking, they try to discredit the study and ignore its results. It is best to have high-level decision-makers who have the best interests of the entire company at heart involved in the research process.

Research should not be based on an untested assumption. For example, a company should not assume there is demand for its new widget and ask a research company to find out how the product should be priced. Before developing the widget, the company should determine if there is a market for it.

Like any other investment, market research should be measured by the return it delivers. Return can be measured both by increased profitability and cost savings derived from not making mistakes. To receive any benefit, a company has to make a commitment to act on the results of a reliable research study. Market research can be a powerful business tool for those companies willing to remove their blindfolds.

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Boundaries
In every era of rapid human development, boundaries that previously were thought to be sacred, have been breached. Embryonic stem cell research is no different. The controversy arises because there is experimentation on living tissue, and some would claim that this brings pain to tissue that already has human life.

Debate
This debate rages between those that claim that the good of some cannot be gained by the pain of others. So, currently, the financial resources needed for research are limited because it is a hot issue. To think debate whether government should pay for it, is a delicate topic! It’s not good for election results.

Taxes
Traditionally, taxes are paid to a government with the intent that the it makes decisions for the group, ensure the safety and wellbeing of the group and spend the accrued money on anything that the people cannot provide for themselves individually. While some would argue that this safety and wellbeing only encompasses the invasion of other countries (war), others would argue that it includes a broad spectrum of services that enhance and contribute to human beings. Ergo, embryonic stem cell research, which would provide healing for many with conditions such as Alzheimer's, 68 different cancers, auto-immune disease and healing the heart muscle, should seriously be considered as a candidate for government funding. Research, currently, is limited as a result of a short supply of. Much needs to be done and the sooner it is done, the more grief and pain will be prevented.

Fears
One of the great fears of the general populace that would discourage the government from funding stem cell research is the fear of cloning, that it would increase the difference that already exists between the haves and have-nots. If this fear can be overcome, and the benefits of stem cell research can be sold more positively. Resistance to it might fade. I have found that reasoning attributed to religious strong points often fade in the face of obvious benefits (with no accompanying negatives).

The Big Question
The greatest reason why the government should fund it is that governments were created to act as leaders for the group and to bring to the group those services which individuals cannot provide as a result of lack of sufficient individual resources.

In this instance, however, the question is whether business or government should provide the finance. Perhaps, there’s more than one solution. Perhaps, the government can provide some financial input in return for a portion of the profits. Perhaps, when research is complete, the research company would donate a certain percentage of its new technology to those that live ‘beneath the breadline’.

Conclusion
While, in many instances, health is a personal responsibility, it is unfortunate that few human beings have the capacity to live the way that optimal life styles demand. Illness is, therefore, always a probability or possibility. If governments were created to look after the wellbeing of the people, government should seriously consider investing in research that brings healing to humanity.






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ab exercise equipment: 8 Important Steps to Safe Fitness of Would Be Bodybuilders

You then? If so, then we must not forget that safety is paramount! It is worth to lose weight and get fit in a safer way to run and the risk of accidents and health problems. If you are one of the manufacturers, here 8 important steps to ensure fitness.1. Home SlowlyYour body is like no other car when it wants to accelerate accelerate. The body needs to, ab exercise equipment, warm up so that it is important to start fitness training slowly. To get your body accustomed to regular strength training, increase energy, slow and become familiar with the physical effort.



Push too hard, when you start is the most common cause of exercise-related injuries.2. Learn and use the law TechniqueDo knows that the best bodybuilders in order to ensure that they follow the correct methods in carrying out their bodybuilding, ab exercise equipment, training? To be in the wrong position, while the training and development could jeopardize the success of their training, and can also lead to serious injury.3. Check the heating and cooling TechniquesDo know that the most important part of bodybuilding training of the first and last ten minutes? It 'important to spend 10 minutes warming up before exercising, because if you miss the head and the basic procedures, without even warming your body, risks and heart muscle is damaged and forced.



Furthermore, he went straight to the bathroom, take a shower after a workout. Make sure, ab exercise equipment, your body to cool down properly, because it is very important to warm up the muscles and make your heart rhythm normal.4. Use the correct GearYou can say that it is expensive to buy the right equipment for training, but we must keep in mind that implementation requires a good investment. Invest in a pair of shoes, a team that fits you, and loose clothing for the mobility you need in your workout.



5. Safety first! The use of safety! Since you are trying to become one of the best bodybuilders, we should invest in safety equipment. This is a great way to reduce the risk injury.6. Avoid dehydration! Drink plenty of fluids! When you start moving your body, your heart starts to pump faster and safer, to sweat a lot. Sweat more, more water is removed from the body. To prevent dehydration, make sure to drink water or fruit juice before workout, during and after workout.7. Knowing the time! Some people prefer to work outdoors for fun and enjoyable experience.



However, climate change may add stress to your body, and it is not good when you are developing. In order to avoid stress, make sure to keep up with the weather. So, you know, the perfect dress for wear.8. Read the warning signs! Know your body better than anyone else. The body sends warning signals and make sure you know how to read these warning signs that did too. HeadacheDizzinessSwelling stop work if any of these symptoms: chronic or acute painSudden from his hands, feet or faceChest painFollowing these measures, ab exercise equipment, will help achieve the goal of becoming one of the best bodybuilders.



That works well and trying to get in shape, with wounds on hold, because you know the precautions

ab exercise equipment: Backcountry Mule Deer Hunting Basics

Have you always dreamed of miles to hunt deer from the nearest road or highway? Many say that this is not hunting, which is the most trips, his sheep snow, where to live. The same can be said about the actual hunting of mule deer. Mule deer live in some of the most desolate, beautiful places in the world. Just to see these majestic creatures and country life is worth the effort to achieve them. However, here are some tips to help you make your first deer hunt success.First all, you get fit! And I'm not just talking about walking to and from work every day, or playing basketball during the weekend.



To truly enjoy your mule deer hunt, you should be in the best shape of his life. I realize that, depending on age, is not always possible,, ab exercise equipment, and if so, try as best as they have been in the past five years. The main problem is the best. My fitness program to perform three or four times a week. I started to walk and run for three months before departure, and when this trip, I have worked, at least for an hour straight. This is better than trying to write a specified distance.



If you can set the pace will work for an hour, you will be able to climb a mountain outside of the track needed to hunt deer. Along with running, jumping, ab exercise equipment, rope, cycling, walking, and walking with a backpack (about 50 pounds). Any of these activities are excellent for building strength, needs hunt.Second deer, the practice of shooting his hunting rifle. I recommend shooting a gun on a weekly basis, at distances up to 300 meters. You should know where your gun to shoot at different distances.



Received less than 100 meters with a relaxation constant mechanical., ab exercise equipment, Experiment with different types of ammunition until you find one you like in particular your weapon, and with it. Personally, I like to use Winchester 130 grain Ballistic Silvertips in 270, but every gun shoots differently and has to use the function of the load. Once you find a pistol in the bank, experiment with shooting sticks, lying on the packaging, as well as other positions found across the field.



Remember that, ab exercise equipment, you are not using the bank a real, ab exercise equipment, hunt, although it is a great bench shooter, that does not necessarily make a great shooter in a game situation. You should also practice angle distance. Basic shot the deer are up or down, and hunters tend to shoot more deer. Go to practice some pictures up and down. You'll be surprised what a difference a steep angle. I also suggest you take a laser rangefinder for use during workouts. It may also be useful to know how to judge a deer in this area.



Video mummy hunting said Mulier Gone Wild are a great tool for the assessment dollars. This score report after seeing the pictures of turkeys in hoof.Third buy the best team in the game is very possible. There are some good products on the market. Find the light, but rigid materials from her backpack and clothes. I will not go into every problem, but some I recommend are: the use of wool socks, Smartwool, internal pack I use a North Face, but there are several to choose from, durable, strong, hiking books - I prefer boots Iowa Sheephunter, and light rain gear compressibility use Froggie Toggs.



If you are looking for an owner, request a list of gear to carry and be sure to follow. Buy a good quality binoculars! I like the Brunton 10.5x43 times when, because of its expansion and weight, but there are many high quality optical there. Once again, choose the best team can.Lastly found a video mule deer hunting. This will make your blood Moving and excited that big Mule. You get yourself motivated on the road to the off-season and find that the deer of his life deer season opens.

ab exercise equipment: Exercise Bike Benefits

So, you know you want to buy a type of house, fitness center - but why buy an exercise bike? One of the main advantages of the bikes that are probably the most accessible piece of simulators on the market today. Starting around $ 200 and $ 2,500, stationary bikes offer a great variety of models for every price range and at all levels of implementation. However, please note that you get what you pay for the bike. Do not wait, exercise bike for $ 200 and have all the bells and whistles, and the last more than 3 years.



However, if you're on a budget, an exercise bike is a great way to get fit for less. Another great advantage of the bikes that they have much less impact on joints and ligaments than other parts of the equipment, for instance, the implementation of the road or climb stairs. This can lead to a decreased risk of injury over time and can also be excellent for people with joints, arthritis, etc. Another factor that has recently made the bike much more comfortable to use, is the introduction of bicycles recumbent - If you're sitting on the floor, reclining bucket seat in a corner in front of you, rather than hanging.



Before cycling in the supine position was revealed, many people simply are not comfortable armchair in a normal upright bike. Recumbent exercise bike allows people to receive training are much more comfortable - which means that it may have longer periods of time. Bicycles can also be much safer than other types of sports equipment. You can slip and fall into the routine. You can lose the balance on the Elliptical Trainer. It is much more difficult to fall or hurt himself on a bicycle. This makes the exercise bike a great alternative to a great athlete or a person who is new to the realization of the equipment in general.



Another factor that makes the exercise bike so popular in, ab exercise equipment, home gyms is the fact that (in a recumbent bike) you can read while you work. Boredom is one of the main reasons for not exercising. So instead of force me to go through training, why not choose a piece of sports equipment that will allow multiple tasks, and do what you want while working out? Read your favorite magazine or the latest novel of mystery. Install a bicycle in front of a TV and watch your favorite programs, while the pedals.



Time flies,, ab exercise equipment, and not even know you were cleaning the calories! This leads to what may be in the best interests of the exercise bike. Because bikes are so accessible, convenient, low impact and safe - and they help in the fight against boredom years - the likelihood that you can use are extremely high. Nobody wants to spend a lot of hard earned money a piece of sporting fantasy, and then use it for clothing, ab exercise equipment, rack. Want to be able to keep in shape, burn calories and stay healthy thanks.



But if you buy a car that is never used, all their good intentions gone to waste. Because of the great benefits of exercise bikes, many people, ab exercise equipment, believe that not only used for the next few years, but by the end of the year, much more

ab exercise equipment: Treadmill Training!

According to the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association, treadmills are the # 1 point suitability of the main staircase front-climbers, bicycles, stationery, rowers and skiers. In fact, studies show that nearly 40 million Americans work on the treadmill treadmills.Marathoners use, so the collegiate runners, soccer moms, runners lunch and legions of, ab exercise equipment, senior citizens who are prepared to get fit and stay fit. And according to research firm American Sports Data, a woman, always dedicated to improving himself, to buy 75% of new simulators house for sale.



It is easier for women to understand the origin of the tape to the beginning of a program as an alternative to running outdoors. Or, a treadmill can easily be the main attraction of a plan for fitness, which provides excellent cardiovascular benefits for all "itself.The smart money knows that investing in a good home treadmill will pay big dividends in several areas: It's A safe THINGIt not matter if you're weathering a snowstorm in Nome, Alaska, or heat in Tallahassee, Florida, the, ab exercise equipment, treadmill is always ready to spend a few kilometers of good health.



postman concern that snow or rain or the darkness of night, with a treadmill, you can do when like.THE CALL OF WILDThere no doubt that his career in the forest or city park is a wonderful experience that brings our spirit of adventure. But in many areas, a career in nature, may expose wildlife, domestic animals and humans, unpleasant or even hostile. Too many women in the cities, while away at once in the morning and afternoon, Run. treadmill is always in a safe place, ab exercise equipment, - the your home.



And you can bring fresh air to escape through the creation of his car near a window, so you can enjoy the view during their WETAfter WHEN workout.SLIPPERY heavy snowfall, the plows often a lot of white mountains on the sidewalk, forcing the runners to the streets, where the ice and modern cars of dangerous obstacles to the creation of your home alive.STEP LIGHTLYRunning tape is much easier on the legs, feet and joints that work on the stone, concrete and asphalt and special low-impact treadmills, ab exercise equipment, that have a claim to reduce the impact of work by 40%.



How? Ribbon running on a treadmill gives more external surfaces and the inner workings of the tape helps to dissipate the waves' s shock formed at the foot hits HEARTWant surface.YOU know how many calories you burned? heart rate? "How fast? run away to a hundredth of a mile? wide range of built-in monitors is standard equipment on many treadmills. Monitor help you make more scientific approach to training and focus on things like maintaining a good cardiac rhythm level.In fact, some facilities also feature special treadmill that regulates the speed of the tape based on heart rate - to measure last workout.



FORM FUNCTIONIt difficult to develop a good way to start when you jump to avoid tree roots or up and down curbs. And a good way is essential to achieve maximum benefits. With a treadmill, has the dual advantage of good performance and stability, so you can concentrate on things like the elongation steps, movements of arms, etc. Any progress you make in the film can easily be transferred to his foreign running.TV - YES! Couch Potato - NO! "If you like watching television while on a treadmill is an excellent opportunity for the free wine in the multi-tasking.



In the gyms on Wall Street in New York,, ab exercise equipment, captains of industry to watch CNN and get news of the market, as they receive their morning dose of endorphins. At home with a video player, you can see what you want - Regis and Kelly cartoons, soap operas, including tapes of their favorite marathon! (Hey, maybe you'll pick a po 'execution style tips.) Sourcing tapes ZONEBecause cope with the various distractions and stress - dogs, traffic, uneven roads, etc. etc. - that will allow you to truly cleanse the mind and can easily enter a state of relaxation and meditation, and f.



ree running.For ton, valuable tips, tricks and secrets